Effects of war bacillus thuringiensis.

More than 90 kinds of natural insect-specific (entomopathogenic) bacteria were isolated from insects, plants and soil, but only some are intensively studied. Much attention was paid to Bacillus Thuringiensis, a species which has been developed as microbial insecticides. The main characters: the larvae stop eating, become lethargic and withered, die and decompose

Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) occurs naturally in soil and on plants. Different versions of the bacteria produce crystal protein that is toxic to certain groups of insects. Bt was available in North America as a commercial insecticide microbial in 1960 and sold under different brands. These products have excellent safety record and can be used on crops to the closing day of harvest. Bt can be applied using conventional spray, but because the bacteria must be eaten to be effective, a good spray coverage is essential. Many, including vegetables, cotton, tobacco, fruit crops and forest crops and vegetables. Many moths and larvae of butterflies and some beetles and larvae of flies are susceptible to infection. The wording of various Bt

kurstaki available to deal with many caterpillar pests including import cabbageworm, petliteli cabbage, hornworms, European corn butterfly, scoops, some armyworms, Diamondback moth, spruce budworm, bagworms, tent caterpillars, gypsy moth caterpillars and other forest caterpillars, and Indianmeal moth larvae in stored grain. Less well-controlled corn Earworm in corn, apple moth, peach tree and drill squash vines. Formulation of Bt variety tenebrionis and variety san - Diego registered for use against larvae of Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults elm beetle and larvae. Bt israelensis different positioned for use against midges and mosquitoes, gnats fungus, although if used on a community scale, probably more effective to eliminate standing water and control weeds at the edge of the pond. Bt variety aizawai used to control wax moth larvae in hives and various caterpillars. It is important to control Diamondback moth caterpillars which developed resistance to Bt variety

kurstaki in some areas. Some commercial varieties of Bt target pests and: War Bacillus Thuringiensis. tenebrionis region. kurstaki region. israelensis - mosquito, midge and mosquito larvae mushroom

region. aizawai - wax moth larvae and various caterpillars, especially the Diamondback moth caterpillars

Some commercial products may contain mixed variety or more variety. Check the label. Toxic Bt crystal proteins in trade is only when they eat insects, with some (usually alkaline) pH gut and intestines of specific membrane structures needed to bind toxins. You must not only correct insect physiology and be receptive stage of development, but the bacteria must be eaten in sufficient quantities. When ingested by susceptible insect protein toxin destroys the intestines, leading to paralysis of the intestine. Affected insects stop feeding and die from the combined effects of hunger and tissue damage. Bt controversy usually does not apply to other insects or cause outbreaks of disease in its, as is the case with many pathogens. Effects of War Bacillus Thuringiensis. kurstaki for caterpillars

Map courtesy of Abbott Laboratories. Bt-genes were transferred into other organisms to get more active formulation, some of which are commercially available. In addition, the researchers genetically modified varieties of several species of plants to express Bt toxin as part of normal plant development. This led to the production of insect-resistant Bt-transformed lines of tobacco, cotton, corn, tomatoes, potatoes and others. Assessment and development of control systems for these new lines of the plant is the subject of serious study. Larvae affected by Bt become inactive, stop feeding and may be disposed of or watery stools. Head capsule may be too large for the size of the body. Larva becomes sluggish and dies, usually within days or weeks. The body contents turn brownish-black as they decompose. Other bacteria can convert the host body red or yellow. Some natural bacteria can cause epizootics, especially if the pest population is under stress from lack of food, overcrowding, or cold weather. These epizootics are not as common as those caused by other pathogens naturally. Commercial formulations

Thuringiensis Bacillus, however, are widely used. Greenhouses, trees and field crops, waterways and thousands of hectares of forest annually is applied to commercial products Bt. Successful use of these drugs requires the use of Bt right kind of target to susceptible stage of development in the right concentration, at the right temperature (warm enough for insects to be actively feeding) and to pests bore into the plant or harvest fruit, where they will be protected . Young larvae are usually most sensitive. Caterpillar growth may be delayed, even if less lethal dose use. Determining when most of the populations of the pest is susceptible stage plays a key role in optimizing the use of microbial insecticides. Not all caterpillars pests are equally susceptible to Bt. Beet armyworm was difficult to control, and some moths, including the population of Diamondback moth, the world's main pests of agricultural crops of cabbage, have developed resistance to Bt variety

kurstaki toxins. Corn Earworm, squash vine brown apple moth strattera side effects larvae and larvae are sensitive, but the field is difficult to control because they quickly gave in and protected by plant tissue. Bt is effective against European corn butterfly, if it is used as the larvae hatching. Bt products for use against the Colorado beetle may differ in efficiency. Bt products may be disabled in the sunlight and can be effective only for one to three days. Rain or rainwater may also reduce the effectiveness of washing Bt crop leaves. Some formulations, such as associated with genetically engineered toxin Bt, to overcome these problems. Bacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus linked, natural bacteria that have been mass produced for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turf since 1940. Some commercial products are available. Bacteria are usually in soil, causing milky disease. Milky disease spores can play in the larvae of beetles and establish a permanent population can cause death within a few seasons when the soil is quite warm and humid during the summer months. It may take several seasons for disease control pests, and it is desirable to consider a wide area to reduce the impact of immigration healthy beetles. Larvae of the beetle killed Bacillus popilliae and B. lentimorbus

may be white, hence the name milk sickness. Hoffmann, MP and Frodsham, A. (1993). Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 63 p Tanada Y. and Kaya, Hong Kong (1993) Insect Pathology. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego. 666 P. Weinzierl, R., Henn, Tess. (1989) Alternatives in insect management: Microbial insecticides. Cooperative Extension, University of Illinois, Circular 1295. 12 pages